Извадоци I дел.
Извадоци на фрагменти:
Имено многумина антрополози во светски глас кои ги проучувале балканските народи како Carleton Stevens Coon, Alecsandar Holder, A. Boppe, d-r Eugene Pitard, d-r Niko Zupanic, Francis Delez и многу други, многу одамна востановиле дека “современите Албанци се туѓи на Балканските простори” кои според антрополошките особености “во никој поглед не се вклопуваат во словено-грчкиот комплекс на Балканот”(фуснота 237). За Гего-мирдитите е општо познато дека имаат КУРДСКО потекло(фуснота 238) дека “се одликуваат со груб изглед, со карактеристичен азиски пигмент на кожата и со карактеристична дива црта”(фуснота 239), дека домородниот словенски елемент на арванитските и воопшто на балканските простори “се одликува со исклучително убава, пријатна и благородна црта”(фуснота 240). За тоа зборува и турската хроника: …Турските восјки во походот за освојување на на балканските народи “не сретнале толку убав свет како во Епир и Арванија” (оригинал: Epiro-Arbanos guzelliri) – (страна 313, фуснота 8, Tog-ut-Tevahir)
На друго место анонимниот автор напишал: “Хиџр 839... Али бег во арванитскита земја плени неброено убав свет, мажи и жени”( страни 763, 764, 765, фусноти 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244)
Меѓу другото во фуснотата 240 авторот образложува: Carleton Stevens Coon, The Races of Europe, London 1972 595-598. Во оваа обемна научна струдија антропологот Coon, врз основа на резултатите од своите антрополошки испитувања, соопштува дека Илирските племиња на Балканскиот полуостров имале ВЕНЕТСКО односно СЛОВЕНСКО ПОТЕКЛО. Тој (во продолжение на книгата) фигуративна споредба меѓу староседелците(домородците) – Словените и колонистите Гего-Мирдити-те (Курдо-Арнаутите) во денешна северна Албанија. (Carleton S. Coon, 595-604)
Јас предлагам да ја прегледаме книгата на Карлетон Кун и да видиме одделно што вика за Албанците (Гегите и Тоските) и Словените (Срби(тука Кун ги вклучува и Македонците) Хрватите и Словенците). Ќе започнеме со Албанците како што Поповски ни реферира од страна 595 до 604, имено тоа е и целото поглавје во кое Carleton Coon зборува посбно за Албанците, и за Гегите кои инаку ги нарекува и Џиновите од планините.
Albania and the Dinaric Race
The kingdom of Albania, lying directly south of Montenegro, contains a population of roughly one million people; another million at least live outside the borders of their own country, mostly in Yugoslavia, although there are large colonies in Greece and in Rumania, as well as in the United States. They are divided into two distinct ethnic groups, each with its own variety and dialects of the Albanian language, its own costume, and its own particular pattern of culture. These are the Toscs in the south, and in the north and on the plain of Kossovo, the Ghegs. The Ghegs still preserve their system of exogamous patrilineal clans, comparable to that of the Montenegrins; they are divided into ten tribes of which at least part of each lies in Albania itself, and three or perhaps more outside. The ten in Albania include Malsia ë Madhë, Dukagin, Malsia Jakovës and Has, all north of the Drin, and reading from west to east. Both Has and Malsia Jakovës extend eastward into Old Serbia, north of Prizren; Malsia e Madhe has clans in Old Montenegro. Entirely outside of Albania, in Montenegro and the Kossovo country, are Peia, Podrima, and a number of clans in the neighborhood of Mitrovitza. South of the Drin are Zadrima, immediately southeast of Shkodra; Puka, Mirdita, and Luma, part of which is Serbian-speaking; south of this band are Mati, the tribe of King Zog, and Dibra, which occupies the slopes on either side of the Black Drin.
Seventy per cent of the Albanians in Albania are Moslems, nearly all in Yugoslavia are. The remaining 30 per cent are equally divided between Catholics and Greek Orthodox. The Catholics are all Ghegs, the Orthodox all Toscs. Of the Ghegs, all of Mirdita, all of Dukagin, and parts of Zadrima, Malsia ë Madhë, Puka, Malsia Jakovës, Has, and Mati are Catholic. The Catholics are the most conservative culturally, and as a rule the most remote in their habitat. Neither Catholicism nor Islam have inhibited the functioning of the Gheg social system, which operates in an unusual manner. Each tribe is divided into geographical and political divisions known as bairaks, but independent of this is another concept known as the fis. The fis is an exogamous patrilineal kinship group, without geographical attachment; several whole bairaks may belong to one fis, and thus be excluded from intermarriage; on the other hand one small village may contain branches of several fis, some large and national, other small and local.
The fis is the body of descendants in the male line of one usually eponymous ancestor. In various tribes different rules hold as to the determination of when this relationship may become so remote that the marriage restriction breaks down; in some, after one hundred generations; in others, only when the exact relationship is unknown. This exogamy has a close bearing upon the regional physical anthropology of the Ghegs, since it oversteps tribal boundaries and causes a trading of wives over large distances. Designed to prevent incest, it actually produces close in-breeding, since reciprocal matings amount in many cases to habitual cross-cousin marriage.
MAP 15: Tribal Divisions in Northern Albania
The most important fis is that to which the people of the famous bairaks of Shoshi and Shala, in Dukagin, belong, and also three of the fivebairaks of Mirdita. The restrictions against intermarriage between Shoshi and Shala have broken down, as well even as unions between moieties within these bairaks, but in Mirdita all the young men of the three bairaks of Spaç, Orosh, and Kushnein must take their wives from the other two, Dibri and Fan. The original ancestors of this super-fis were brothers, who came from the plain of Kossovo into the mountains looking for refuge, at least 100 generations ago, according to the popular tradition. That many such movements must have taken place in the past is apparent; northern Albania is a refuge area of the first water. The Albanian language, a hybrid between Illyrian, Thracian, Latin, Slavic, Turkish, and other elements, reflects the ethnically composite origin of the Albanians.
The stature of the Ghegs is extremely variable geographically; the tribes which touch Montenegro have means of 173 cm. and 174 cm.; the northernmost bairaks of Malsia ë Madhë and Dukagin, which lie closest to Old Montenegro, are taller than the southern ones within their own tribes.127 On the south side of the Drin the means fall to 169 cm., and continues to the level of 167 cm. in Mati and Mirdita. The stature level of the Montenegrins tapers off much more rapidly to the south of its nucleus than it does to the north. The descent in stature level is steepest on the western side of the mountains; on the eastern side, from Has to Dibra, there is a drop of only 2 cm. The stature of the Albanians is chronologically constant; there is no internal evidence of recent increase.
The relative span of the Ghegs is 104, higher than that of Montenegrins, and more in accordance with Dinaric standards. The relative sitting height of 52.8 is much the same, and show no regional differences of any importance. As in Montenegro, bodily build is not controlled by stature; the most thick-set individuals are often the tallest. The shoulder breadth-stature ratio is in fact highest in the tribes adjoining Montenegro.
The mean cephalic index of the Ghegs is 85, as with most Dinarics. Geographically, however, the highest indices are found in the west, in Malsia Jakovës, Zadrima, and Mati, the three tribes situated on the coastal side of the mountain chain; here the means lie between 86.5 and 87. A zone of relative long-headedness is found in the east, in Malsia Jakovës and Luma, where the means are 83. Thus the progression is from west to east, and not north to south, as with stature.
As one would expect, the head dimensions vary with stature; the mean head lengths in the north range from 186 mm. to 190 mm.; in the south from 183 mm. to 185 mm. The head breadths run from 162 mm. in Malsia ë Madhë to 165 mm. in Luma. The widest heads are thus found in proximity to Old Montenegro. The vaults of the Ghegs are moderately high; ranging from 129 mm. in the north, to 126 mm. in the south. The facial diameters show both a north-south and an east-west progression: the minimum frontal mean, for example, is 112 mm. in Malsia ë Madhë and 110 mm. in other tribes north of the Drin; elsewhere it falls to 107 mm. and 108 mm. The bizygomatic, with a mean of 144 mm. in the northwestern tribes, falls regularly to 140-141 mm. in the south and cast. The bigonial follows a similar progression from 109 mm. to 107 mm. In these facial diameters, as in stature, the northwesternmost Ghegs form a continuation of the oversized racial area of Old Montenegro; elsewhere there is a rapid tapering to a normal Dinaric condition. It is to be noted that among these Dinarics, patently the descendants of pre-Germanic and pre-Slavic mountain peoples, the forehead is wider than the mandible, and the face takes on the characteristic form of an inverted triangle.
Once outside the Montenegrin area, the face loses its excessive height; the mean menton-nasion diameter of the Ghegs is 124 mm., comparable to face heights in southern Germany and Switzerland. The greatest heights, reaching a mean of 126 mm. in Has, are found in the east, along the edges of the plain of Kossovo; the shortest, reaching 121 mm. in Mirdita, are located in the central mountain nucleus, from Dukagin to Mati. This regional pattern is clearly shown by the facial index, which runs from 86 in the center and west, to 89 in the east. All tribes but Has, however, are mesoprosopic. The upper facial index is even more variable: the mean for Mirdita is 49; for Has 54; this range is nearly as great as that for all of Europe. The noses of the Ghegs, 58 mm. high by 34 mm. wide, are among the world's most leptorrhine, with a mean nasal index of 58.
Metrically the Gheg tribes present a complex situation; the rapid progression from north to south in stature and in the breadths of the head and face show that the Borreby-like nucleus of Old Montenegro does not extend far southward into Albania. The tall, northern tribesmen are the most heavily built, the shorter southern ones the most sparely; a conven-tional Dinaric build goes with the shorter stature level. In the eastern tribes there is strong evidence of a moderately tall, long-faced, dolichocephalic element; while a short-faced element, metrically suggestive of Alpines, is centered in the very remote mountain valleys of Mirdita.
Almost all of the Ghegs are light-skinned, with the von Luschan #3 and 7 most frequently represented. Freckling, common in Montenegro, is rare here; what little there is is confined almost entirely to the tribes nearest Old Montenegro, and here it reaches but 5 per cent. The head hair is usually brunet, with black or near black reaching 40 per cent, and dark to medium brown 45 per cent. Light brown or blond hair, which is almost always on the golden or slightly rufous side, accounts for the other 15 per cent. Only two men out of 1100 were found to have ash-blond hair. As in Montenegro, the beards are much lighter than the head hair; the black contingent is reduced to 6 per cent, while 36 per cent are reddish brown or auburn, 3 per cent red, and 30 per cent golden blond or light brown with a golden tinge. The rufous tendency, while not as pronounced as in parts of Montenegro, exists to the virtual exclusion of ash-blondism. Regionally, the darkest hair is found in Mirdita and in the eastern border; the lightest in the west and south.
Seventeen per cent of Ghegs have pure brown eyes, and 7 per cent pure light ones. Half the group has green-brown iris combinations and 20 per cent blue-brown. Of the mixed eyes, 30 per cent are dark-mixed, and 48 per cent predominantly light, the rest nearly even. The Ghegs are, therefore, thoroughly mixed, or almost completely intermediate, in eye color, with the blond element or elements slightly more important than the brunet. The darkest eyes are found in Dukagin, and in Malsia Jakova, on the border of Old Serbia; there 25 per cent of eyes are brown. Elsewhere there is little regional differentiation.
The head hair of the Ghegs is usually wavy, and medium to fine in texture; it is of greater than average abundance for Europeans on mustache, cheek, jaw, and on the body; at the same time the correlative tendency to baldness is strong here. The eyebrows are usually thick, and are concurrent in 70 per cent of the group. As in Montenegro, the foreheads are seldom very sloping; the browridges are usually on the heavy side of medium. External eyefolds, found in 35 per cent of the group, are commonest in the tribes which form a continuation of the western mountain zone south of Old Montenegro; elsewhere the high Dinaric orbit precludes their development in most cases.
The nasal morphology of the Ghegs is usually more strictly Dinaric than that of the Montenegrins; the root and bridge are more consistently elevated, and the tip as a rule thinner. Well over 50 per cent have convex profiles; only 6 per cent concave. Less than half the tips are inclined downward; only in Malsia ë Madhë, closest to Montenegro, are depressed tips in the majority. With the thin nasal tip goes a high ratio of compressed nasal wings; the Gheg nose is truly leptorrhine morphologically as well as metrically.
The faces of the Ghegs often lack the strong bony relief so noticeable among Montenegrins; the lateral jut of the zygomatic arches is usually restricted, and the gonial angles are usually of but medium prominence. The cheeks are usually drawn and thin, and while this condition may be partly nutritional, it has its racial implications. The plump, fat-padded cheeks of the Ukrainian peasants stand at the opposite European extreme.
The morphology of the occipital region among the Ghegs, in view of their general Dinaric character, is of particular interest. The occipital protrusion is as a rule slight to medium; it is least in the western tribes. and greatest in the eastern. Actual occipital flattening is found in only 30 per cent of the group; tribal incidences range from 50 per cent in Malsia ë Madhë to 20 per cent in Dukagin, Malsia Jakovës, and Puka. On the whole the distribution is definitely west to east. Lambdoid flattening is found among 44 per cent of the Ghegs; it is thus more frequent than the occipital form. Its tribal distribution is exactly opposite to that of occipital flattening; the two phenomena are usually complementary, and a minority only of individuals lacks either.
There has been much discussion upon the subject of occipital flattening, both in Albania and in Asia Minor; there are two definite schools, one which believes that it is natural and racially determined, the other that it is a form of artificial deformation caused by cradling. My own position lies between these two extremes;128 occipital flattening is without doubt a phenomenon associated with the entire mechanical orientation of the cranium in the Dinaric race, and especially with the position of the foramen magnum to the rear of that usual in most races. As such, it is undeniably inherited.
At the same time, the use of the Albanian cradle, in which the shoulders are bound but the head is not, may in some instances have caused an intensification of this flattening, since the heads of some living Albanians are unquestionably deformed. However, since cradling practices are regionally uniform in Albania, the geographical distribution of this character is wholly racial in pattern.
At this point there arises the entire question of Dinaric origins, which may be approached on the basis of a statistical analysis of the Gheg material. Attempts to intercorrelate metrical and morphological characters with each other and with pigmentation reveal the presence of the following types in Ghegnia, each of which shows a tendency for the characters of which it is composed to associate themselves as a unit.
- A tall, large-headed, brachycephalic, wide-faced type, with intermediate pigmentation, and an especial tendency toward rufosity. This is the Borreby-like type prevalent in Montenegro; in Albania it is almost wholly confined to the tribe of Malsia ë Madhë, and within that tribe is concentrated in the bairak of Gruda.
- A medium-statured, brachycephalic, short-faced type, with mixed pigmentation, which is fundamentally Alpine. It is found in all tribes, but is commonest in the refuge area of Mirdita.
- A tall, dolichocephalic or mesocephalic type with dark hair and dark brown eyes, a straight nasal profile, and a tendency toward a lesser leptorrhiny than the total group. This is an Atlanto-Mediterranean racial type which is also prevalent in other Balkan countries. It may also be sorted out of available statistical series of Greeks, while it is common in Bulgaria and easily distinguishable among Serbs. It, or a similar type, also occurs with Dinarics in northern Italy and the Tyrol. In northern Albania it is commonest in Malsia Jakovës and Dukagin.
- A very strongly differentiated type which is characterized by medium stature, exceptional brachycephaly, great narrowness and convexity of the nose, a high incidence of occipital flattening, and a tendency to light brown eye color in combination with dark brown hair. This type may be called Dinaric in the full or specific sense; most of the other Ghegs are Dinarics in a partial or a general sense. This ultra-Dinaric type is commonest in the tribe of Dibra.
- A blond, brachycephalic, convex-nosed Noric, of standard type. It is commonest in Zadrima.
- A few light brown-haired Nordics, centered in Luma.
As a result of the foregoing division of the Gheg material into natural sub-racial compartments, it becomes apparent that the Dinaric race, in the sense of a tall, convex-nosed, long-faced population inhabiting the mountain zone which stretches from Switzerland to Albania, is a composite aggregation of racial types. The specific nature of the Dinaric population of any given segment of this zone depends upon the local elements involved; thus there are regional Dinaric sub-types. There is one dominant set of characters which pervades the Dinaric group; high brachycephaly, nasal convexity, occipital flattening, and a tendency toward the attenuation of extremities. Aside from these features, the original ingredients in the Dinaric blend tend to retain their old linkages.
The peculiar facial and cranial features of the Dinarics seem to be the results of differential inheritance in hybridization; the primary mixture which brings them about is apparently an Alpine-Mediterranean crass, with Mediterranean used in the widest sense of the word. The Asiatic Dinarics, who appeared early in the Metal Age, were apparently Alpine-Cappadocian hybrids; many of those went to Europe and settled in widely separated places, including sections of the Dinaric Alps. The exaggerated Dinaric type of Albania, with its tendency to light brown eye color may conceivably be derived from this source. It is also to be found in considerable numbers in the Tyrol.
All European Dinarics, however, cannot be traced to this Near Eastern origin; most of them must be the result of primary blendings on European soil. Here the two principal ingredients are the tall, dark brown-eyed Adanto-Mediterranean which seems old and basic in southeastern Europa and an ordinary Alpine. Nordic accretions produce a Noric, Borreby-like accretions an Old Montenegnn. Neo-Danubian Slavic additions product the small-faced type common in Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia.
The blending of the Dinarics is never perfect in a chemical sense; in any Dinaric population there are ordinary Alpines and a few Atlanto-Mediterraneans along with their blended brethren. When the proportions of the ingredients are wrong, the type which is present in excess may be found in some numbers in its original form. That is why there are so many Alpines in France and Switzerland, and so many Atlanto-Mediterraneans in Malsia Jakovës.
Dinaricism is not a quality pertaining to a single race, it is a condition. This condition is common in Europe; it is also common in western Asia. Furthermore, it is not confined to the white racial stock; the principle of hybrid inheritance which produces Dinarics in Europe has also produced Papuans in New Guinea, the Arii aristocrats in Polynesia, and many American Indians.
The southern half of Albania, the homeland of the Toscs, lies outside the Dinaric racial area in the strictest sense. The Toscs are dwellers in compact villages, wearers of pleated kilts like the Greeks, and frequent emigrants to other lands. Like the Mzabites in Algeria, and the Hadhramis of southern Arabia, many of the male inhabitants of several southern Albanian towns, notably Korça, migrate to distant lands in their youth, work in factories or run shops, and return when they have accumulated enough money. It was this system which first led Albanians to migrate to America, a system which the Toscs share with the Greeks.
The only adequate anthropometric data extant which deals with the Toscs is a series from southwestern Albania, from the town of Gjinokastër and its neighborhood.129 These Aginocastrians are on the short side of medium in stature, with a mean of 164 cm.; they are long-bodied, with a mean relative sitting height of 53.7, and medium in arm extension (rel. span = 103.4). They are, as a rule, medium to lateral in bodily build. Their cephalic index mean, 90.8, is by far the highest recorded in Europe. Their head length, 177 mm., is extremely small, its breadth, 161 mm., great. The auricular height of 122 mm. is moderate to low. The forehead is rather broad, with a minimum frontal of 109 mm., the mandible less so, with a bigonial of 107 mm., while the face breadth, 141 mm., like the other facial dimensions, falls into the Alpine range. The face height, 119 mm., is moderately short; the facial index, 84.4, barely mesoprosopic. The nose, however, with a length of 56.3 mm. and a breadth of 34.4 mm., is very leptorrhine, in a typical Albanian manner, with a nasal index of 61.
Toscs measured in Rumania have a mean cephalic index of 87; members of the Tosc colonies of southern Italy, who fled across the Adriatic from the Turks in the sixteenth century, a mean of 80. It seems probable that the extreme index mean of the Gjinokastër neighborhood is higher than that for the Tosc country as a whole; yet individual Toscs measured in Massachusetts run well into the 90's. The Italian Toscs may owe their relative dolichocephaly to (a) mixture with Italians, (b) selection at source of migration, or (c) the possibility that the high brachycephaly of the Tosc country may be a recent phenomenon, as in southern Germany, Bohemia, and so many other central European countries. It is very possible that the high brachycephaly of the Toscs at home may be partly due to cradling; it is a commonplace in the Albanian colony of Massachusetts that the newer generation born in Stockbridge and Brockton licks in many cases the extreme occipital brevity of its parents.
Further exposition concerning the physical anthropology of the Toscs must take the form of subjective observations and remarks, which are permissible only in lieu of adequate data. In the first place, the fundamental Tosc type is Alpine. The head form, with or without occipital flattening, is usually globular, the forehead high and often bulbous, the face frequently round in contour. The nose in many cases lacks the high-bridged Dinaric character found among the Ghegs, as well as the common depression of the tip. This Alpine type is well represented by photographs on Plate 14. Beside the Alpines, there are many Dinarics in southern Albania, but they probably form a minority, and in any case are extremely variable. In Albania it is very easy to distinguish a Gheg; they have a racial hall-mark which is hard to define and easy to recognize; the Toscs are much less homogeneous, and in America they pass for the most part unnoticed in the general racial hodge-podge. Most Bostonians, who possibly see fifty to one hundred Toscs in a week, are unaware of their presence, while they have definite ideas, formed upon first sight, as to who is an Italian, an Armenian, or a Jew.
It is my opinion that the Toscs, in pigmentation as well as in bodily and facial characters, resemble the southern and central French very closely; that they and the French form the two ends of the Alpine racial area in Europe, the center of which is largely taken up by the Dinaric amalgam.
Notes:
- This section is based upon a series of 1100 Ghegs measured by the author in 1929-30. In each of the ten tribes within Albania, the sample includes over 100 men; within each tribe the bairak and village distribution is approximately even. Other sources dealing with the Ghegs include:
Haberlandt, A., and Lebzelter, V., AFA, vol. 45, 1919, pp. 123-142.
Pittard, E., Les Peuples des Balkans.
Tildesley, M. L., Biometrika, vol. 25, 1933, pp. 21-51.
Weninger, J., Rasseukundliche Untersuchungen an Albanern, RPN, ser. A. vol. 4, 1934. - A detailed study of this question will be published in the author's The Physical Anthropology of Northern Albania.
- Tildesley, M. L, Biometrika, vol. 25, 1933, pp. 21-51.
See also:
Pittard, E., Les Peuples des Balkans; RA, vol. 40, 1930, pp. 109-115 (for Toscs in Rumania);
Zampa, R., RDAP, ser. 3, vol. 1, pp. 625-648 (for Toscs in Italy).
The Living Slavs
(c) Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
If the Treaty of Versailles was bitter to the Magyars, it was more than bountiful to the southern Slavs, the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, whom the Magyars cut off, centuries ago, from their northern linguistic kinsmen. The present kingdom of Yugoslavia includes almost the totality of the three Slavic peoples mentioned, but also hundreds of thousands of Magyars, Bulgarians, and Albanians, to mention merely the more numerous of the subject minorities. Geographically, Yugoslavia is for the most part mountainous; culturally, it covers the entire range front the sophisticated civilization of central Europe to the Early Iron Age survival of the Balkan highlands.
Among the Yugoslavs, religion as well as language forms a source of division; the Croats and Slovenes are Catholics, the Serbs are mostly Greek Orthodox. Under the term Serb are included, however, such diverse peoples as the Serbs Proper, the Montenegrins, the Bosnians, the Herzegovinians, and the Dalmatians. The Bosnians and Herzegovinians include large minorities of Moslems and Catholics, and the latter are particularly numerous in Dalmatia. Aside from the Serbs Proper, only the Montenegrins, whose religion served for centuries as a symbol of resistance to the Turks, are almost to a man Greek Orthodox.
Neither language nor religion, however, nor general type of civilization, has much bearing on the, problem of race in Yugoslavia, since within this kingdom lies the concentration point of the entire Dinaric racial zone, which has its western terminus in Austria, Switzerland, northern Italy, and southern Germany, and its eastern in Albania. This Dinaric zone closely follows the mountain chain which borders the Adriatic, and is centered in Montenegro. It is the primary function of this section, and of that on Albania which follows, to dissect this Dinaric nucleus and to elucidate the Dinaric problem. We shall consider in turn the following segments of the southern Slavic nation: Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, Herzegovinians, Dalmatians, and Montenegrins.
The Slovenes,118 who are the westernmost of the southern Slavs, are linguistically closest to the Croats, whom they border on the south and east. They arrived in their present territory in the seventh century A.D., and absorbed the remnants of the Keltic and Illyrian peoples who had persisted in one form or other through the invasions and turmoils of the preceding centuries. Their chief area is the former Austrian province of Carniola, where they form 94 per cent of the population; beyond its borders they extend into Styria and Carinthia, and in the south they occupy part of the peninsula of Istria.
In stature, head form, and pigmentation, they cannot be distinguished from the Austrians upon whose territory they touch; their mean height being 168 cm., their cephalic index 83.4, and almost half having medium brown to blond hair, while light and light-mixed eyes total nearly 70 per cent. The length and breadth dimensions of the head, however, fall at the small end of the Alpine and Dinaric ranges, with means of 183 mm. and 154 mm.; furthermore, their facial dimensions are rather small, with a total face height no greater than 120 mm., and a bizygomatic diameter of 140 mm. A nasal index of 68 is accompanied by a 25 per cent incidence of concave nasal profiles. The metrical characters detailed above indicate that while the stature and head form of the general Dinaric area are approximated by these Slavs, the Neo-Danubian type which has reëmerged so completely in northern and eastern Slavic territory is also to be reckoned with here. The Slovenes provide a partial breach in the Dinaric racial continuity, comparable to that provided by the Germanic element in Austria.
This continuity is, however, partially restored by the Croatians,119 who, with a mean stature of 170 cm., and a mean cephalic index of 85, are intermediate in many respects between the Slovenes and the Serbs. The pigmentation of the Croatians is equivalent to that of the Slovenes; their faces are longer and wider, however, their noses longer, and nasal concavity is reduced to 15 per cent of the whole.
The Serbs, who live for the most part to the north and east of the main Dinaric Alpine chain, and immediately east of the Bosnians and Montenegrins, founded a kingdom, alter their invasion from the north in the seventh century, in the country drained by the headwaters of the Lim and White Drin rivers, in what is now the Ipek region of eastern Montenegro, and the Mitrovitza country.120 The previous occupants were Romanized, Latin-speaking descendants of Illyrians and Thracians, and of colonists from other parts of the Roman Empire planted there by the emperors. During the twelfth century the Serbs expanded southward onto the plain of Kossovo, whence they made further conquests. Old Serbia, which arose as an important kingdom during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, had as its centers Skoplje and Prizren, which, for the last five centuries, have been mostly inhabited by Turks and Albanians.
The Serbs expanded, during the period of their efflorescence, into Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly; the arrival of the Ottoman Turks, however, in the latter part of the fourteenth century, terminated this period of expansion, and many of the Serbs fled northward, while others became Turkicized and Albanized. The Albanians, many of whom were converted to Islam, worked with the Turks rather than against them, and after the flight of the Serbs from the plain of Kossovo, this region was soon colonized by Albanians, many of whom still remain there. The once important Serbian influence in Albania has left few vestiges, other than Slavic place names, and the presence of a few islands of Moslem Serb speakers in the mountains, as in the Gora district of Luma.
In studying the racial history of the Balkans, it must be borne in mind that here more than elsewhere in Europe, linguistic and ethnic boundaries are constantly changing; there have been many wholesale emigrations and immigrations; whole countrysides have changed not only masters, but also peasantry, in mass evictions and mass colonizations. The Balkan peoples change their languages and ethnic identities with difficulty and only after bitter oppression; it is easier to transplant than to alter them; once converted, however, they become as ardent partisans of the new allegiance as of the old. The Serbs have been subjected to these disturbances as much as have the others. Their position as the dominant people of Yugoslavia has only been won through centuries of retrenchment and struggle; their present effort to Slavicize by force the minorities within their boundaries is a commonplace of Balkan history.
The modern Serbs, like the rest of the Yugoslavs, fall more into the Dinaric racial classification than any other.121 Not as tall as the inhabitants of the mountain chain itself, they attain a national stature mean of about 168 cm., which varies somewhat regionally, reaching the figure of 170 cm. and over as one approaches Bosnia and Montenegro. The bodily build of the Serbs, as with most other southern Slavic peoples, is neither thick-set nor lean as a rule, but of moderate European proportions. A relative sitting height mean of 52.8 and a relative span of 102, emphasize the relative length of leg and shortness of arm. These are the proportions that one finds in southern Germany, rather than in northern Slavic countries.
The Serbs, for their stature, have, even more than the Slovenes, relatively small heads. The mean length is only 182 mm., the breadth 184.5 mm., while the auricular height mean is only 123 mm. These are smalla than the heads of most Alpines, and of most western Dinaric groups. The cephalic index mean of 85 is of fully Dinaric elevation. The faces are also small, but longer than those of Slovenes and Croats, with a mean menton-nasion height of 122 mm. The bizygomatic breadth is likewise restrictat the mean of 140 mm. or less is no greater than among Nordics and Neo-Danubians. The noses are moderately leptorrhine (N. I. = 63), and small. (53 mm. X 33 mm.). The nasal profiles are usually straight, with a 25 per cent convex minority, and about 12 per cent of concave. The nasal root is almost always high, and the tip is inclined horizontally in most cases, but downward more frequently than upward.
The Serbs are darker in pigmentation than either the Slovenes or the Croatians; 45 per cent of eyes are pure brown (Martin #2-4), as against 20 per cent which are pure or nearly pure light. Over 55 per cent have black or dark brown hair, while light browns and blonds come to less than 10 per cent. The beards are, of course, often lighter than the head hair. The skin is brunet-white or light-brown in at least a third of the total. It is unlikely that the prevalence of brunet pigmentation among the Serbs came from a Slavic source, and as we shall presently see, the high incidence of dark eyes can hardly be called Dinaric. By elimination we must suppose that the Serbs, in their sojourn in northern Macedonia. accumulated a strong brunet tendency.
Bosnia consists of the six provinces, Bihac, Banjaluka, Tuzla, Travnik, Sarajevo, and Mostar, which lie between western Croatia, Dalmatia, Montenegro, and the Slavonian plain. The southernmost province, Mostar, includes, the territory known as Herzegovina, which lies nearest to Montenegro. The Bosnians serve racially as an approach to the nucleus of Dinaric giantism in Montenegro.122 Tuzla, in the northeast, has a mean stature of 171 cm.; Bihac and Banjaluca, in the northwest, of 172 cm.; in Travnik and parts of Mostar it rises to 173 cm., in Sarajevo to 174 cm., and in Herzegovina to 175-176 cm., approaching the Montenegrin level. The mean cephalic index of the Bosnians is over 85; this varies by religions, with the Catholics the most brachycephalic (86), and the Moslems the least (84). The Catholics are likewise the tallest and the lightest skinned; being the oldest population in the region in point of conversion, and the least affected by outside influences, the Catholic element preserves both a pre-Slavic123 and a pre-Turkish racial configuration more completely than do the partisans of Orthodoxy or Islam.
In hair and eye color the Bosnians are intermediate between Croatians and Serbs; they are darkest in the northeast, and fairest in the regions nearest Montenegro. Since they form but an extension of the Montenegrin nucleus, it will suffice here to point out their near identity with the inhabitants of that former kingdom, and to leave a detailed description for the latter.
On the steep and narrow coast of the Dinaric Alps, the zone of Dinaric racial concentration tapers off abruptly. The mean stature of the coastal people, from Istria along the Croatian shore and through the length of Dalmatia almost to the border of Albania, rises regularly from about 166 cm. to 171 cm., as one proceeds southeastward.124 Although the head form, with a mean cephalic index of 83-84, remains brachycephalic, the extreme short-headedness of the mountain interior is not present. The pigmentation changes gradually but extensively from a prevailingly blond condition in Istria to a prevalence of dark-mixed and dark eyes, and of black or dark brown hair, in southeastern Dalmatia. One may attribute the lesser Dinaricism of the Dalmatians to Italian or to Vlach blood, or to both,125 but this cannot be the only explanation. Dalmatia is the home, in solution, of a strong Atlanto-Mediterranean strain comparable to that found in northern Italy, which must go back in both places to a considerable antiquity.
The Montenegrins, who are the tallest people in Europe, live on a barren limestone mountain upland, where they, for centuries, succeeded in maintainingnheir Christianity and their freedom while surrounded by the Turks. They, like the northern Albanians, preserve their old exogamous clan organization, and their clan loyalties and feuds. They are linguistically Serbs, but there can be no question that they are to a large extent Slavicized Albanians; the cultural continuity between the two peoples is striking, the only real differences being those of language and religion. Although the Montenegrins are divided geographically into several sections, the racial differences between these are not great, and for the present purpose the Montenegrins will be dealt with as a whole. Where there are regional differences, the Old Montenegrins, who show the most extreme development in typically Montenegrin characters, will be referred to.126
The mean stature of adult male Montenegrins reaches the figure of 177 cm., and in some districts it rises to 178 cm. The mean weight of a large series whose average age is 40 years is 160 lbs.; hence they are probably the heaviest as well as the tallest people in Europe, being even heavier than the Irish. Although their legs are very long, their trunks are correspondingly high, and a mean relative sitting height of 52 is at least 4 points higher than that for the long-legged Tuareg, who are the only white people of pure Mediterranean origin to approach them in stature. The Montenegrins' mean shoulder breath is 39 cm., and their chests are correspondingly large. The relative span of 101 is extremely low, indicat-ing that their arms are short in proportion to either leg or trunk length. The hands and feet are, as is to be expected, usually of great size. These huge mountaineers are not as a rule slender, leptosome people; they are often thick-set, and are large all over.
As is to be expected among men of their stature and bulk, the Montenegrins have large heads, but these are not quite as large as those of the somewhat shorter Irish, Icelanders, or Fehmarners. The mean head length is 188 mm., the breadth 160 mm., the auricular height about 128 mm. The cephalic index mean is 85, about the same as for Croatians, Bosnians, and Serbs. The head length, however, is at least 7 mm. greater than that for these other Yugoslavs, excepting the Bosnians, who fill an intermediate position; the head breadth is about 6 mm. greater. The faces are correspondingly large; the minimum frontal mean is 112 mm., the bizygomatic 147 mm., and the bigonial 112 mm. The toal face height, 127 mm. in Old Montenegro, rises to a mean of over 130 mm. in Bida and the northern border tribes; the nose height reaches the remarkable elevation of 61 mm., while the breadth is 36 mm.
The facial index, in view of the great size of both component diameters, lies at 89 in Old Montenegro, on the border between mesoprosopy and leptoprosopy; it rises to 91 in Brda and the northern border tribes. The upper facial index, 53 in Old Montenegro, has a mean of 55 in the north. The nasal index is hyperleptorrhine, with tribal means ranging between 58 and 60. The widest faces, the shortest faces, and the lowest upper facial indices, as well as the widest foreheads and jaws, are concentrated in the southwest, Old Montenegro. These excesses are not typically Dinaric; they suggest only one possible relationship, and that is with the unreduced Upper Palaeolithic races.
The Montenegrins are prevailingly dark brown in head hair color; in Old Montenegro some 45 per cent of adult males belong to this class, while 20 per cent are medium brown, and 26 per cent auburn, or brown with a perceptible reddish tinge. The tribesmen of Brda and the northern border are somewhat darker, and show less rufosity. The beards are much lighter than the head hair; among Old Montenegrins 43 per cent are reddish brown, and 8 per cent contain a pure red element; only 17 per cent are dark brown. In Brda golden-brown beards are extremely common, as frequent as 39 per cent; in the northern border tribes, 24 per cent. The rufosity of the Montenegrins, and their tendency to golden blondism, is not only extreme, but is particularly unusual for this part of Europe. It will be recalled that the Serbians, traditionally close relatives of the Montenegrins, are much darker haired, and that the Slavs in general, when blond, favor the ash-blond side of the scale, being almost entirely deficient in rufosity.
Twenty-five per cent of Old Montenegrins have pure dark eyes, and 10 per cent pure light ones. The pure darks are almost all mixtures between dark brown and light brown shades, while the pure lights are grayish blue. The mixed class, by far the largest, consists of 37 per cent green-brown, 20 per cent blue-brown, and 6 per cent gray-brown. The northern border tribes and BMa are lighter eyed than Old Montenegro, with only 20 per cent of pure darks. On the whole the Montenegrins have lighter eyes than the Serbs, and fully as light as the Slovenes and Croatians. Over 80 per cent have pinkish white unexposed skin color, ranging from von Luschan #3 to 7, 8, and 9; a small minority have skins which are as dark as light brown. About 25 per cent show some freckling, as is to be expected in association with rufosity.
The head hair is straight or nearly straight among half the Old Montenegrins, wavy among the rest; in the other tribes the ratio of straight runs higher. The beard and body hair are, as a rule, moderate to abundant; the glabrosity of the eastern Slavs rarely appears here. Baldness, either partial or involving the whole crown of the head, is quite common. The eyebrows are as a rule thick, and concurrent in 80 per cent of the group. Exceptionally heavy browridges, rare among other Slavs, are found in about 20 per cent. The eyes are frequently deep set, with a narrow opening between the lids; three men cut of four have external eyefolds. A low orbit, a quite un-Dinaric character, seems frequent.
The nose again in many cases diverges from a Dinaric standard; deep nasion depressions are common, and the nasal root is often of only moderate height and moderate breadth. The bridge is frequently but by no means always high, and of medium breadth. Among the Old Montenegrins, non-Dinaric nasal characters are commoner than among the other tribal groups. Fifty-two per cent of convex nasal profiles, however, retain the Old Montenegrins as a whole in the Dinaric class; the ratio is higher elsewhere. Fifteen per cent are concave, and 4 per cent definitely snubbed. The tip is of medium thickness in most cases, and inclined downward more frequently than upward. It must be remembered that in this case we are dealing with a series of men whose mean age is 40 years, and that among Dinaric peoples the depression of the nasal tip is a phenomenon of advancing age. On the whole the Montenegrins show a variety of nasal forms: the large hawk-beak for which they are famous is the most common, but alongside it is a large-tipped, low-bridged form which is less frequent but even more characteristic.
The lips are usually of moderate integumental and slight membranous thickness; eversion is usually slight, and this last feature may be associated with a 25 per cent incidence of the primitive edge-to-edge manner of dental occlusion. Although the malars are rarely prominent in the forward plane, the zygomatic arches frequently jut widely to the side; the gonial angles are of exaggerated prominence in nearly half the group. In the back of the head, occipital protrusion is usually slight to absent; occipital flattening is present in 43 per cent of the Old Montenegrins, and even commoner in some of the other groups. Lambdoidal flattening is even more frequent; few heads show no flattening in either the lanibdoid region or below it.
The Montenegrins, after a detailed examination, are seen to be far from typical Dinarics in many features; they are too large-bodied, too large-headed, and too broad-faced; their noses are too frequently broad and thick-tipped. They are also far too rufous for the ordinary Dinaric type. Taking the Montenegrins individually, one finds many who do conform to standard Dinaric specifications, but are all taller than most Dinarics elsewhere; there are also some short, thick-set Alpines, and a minority of tall, brunet dolichocephals or near dolichocephals whom we shall also find farther south in Albania. But the Montenegrin of distinctive type, concentrated in Old Montenegro, is a very tall, large-bodied man, with a large, full-vaulted head abbreviated at the rear; his face is very broad, his jaw heavy, his brows overhanging, and his nose large and thick-tipped. It is this type which bears the rufosity in hair color, the freckling, and a tendency to light-mixed eye color. Most of the Montenegrins are intermediate between this type and a more conventional Dinaric.
The Old Montenegrin type, concentrated in the southwestern mountain fringe of Montenegro, just north of the Lake of Scutari, in the most conservative part of the kingdom culturally, and the ethnic center of the Montenegrin nation, is nothing more nor less than a local unreduced brachycephalized Upper Palaeolithic survival or reemergence, comparable to those found in northern Europe and northern Africa. Its growth to an extreme size is a local specialization, in which selection may have played a part, as well possibly as nutritive factors associated with life on a limestone mountain. Mixture with this Borreby-like type, and a response to the same selective and environmental influences, have elevated the stature of the accompanying Dinaric factor as well. Montenegro is not, therefore, simply a Dinaric nucleus; it is a Borreby-like or Afalou-like outcropping within a Dinaric nucleus. We know little or nothing of the prehistoric archaeology of Montenegro. So far there is no evidence to prove or disprove the presence of an Upper Palaeolithic European racial strain in this region. How this strain got to Montenegro, far from its other centers of survival, is a problem which cannot be solved without further facts.
Notes:
- Biasutti, R., APA, vol. 51, 1921, pp. 154-184.
Cwirko-Godyki, M., RDAP, vol. 41, 1931, pp. 105-120.
Skerlj, B., ZFMA, vol. 28, 1930, pp. 213-237; AAnz, vol. 8, 1932, pp. 126-143; AnthPr, vols. 1-2, 1927, pp. 55-91.
Weisbach, A., MAGW, vol. 33, 1903, pp. 234-251. - Biasutti, R., APA, vol. 51, 1921, pp. 154-184.
Hrdlicka, A., The Old Americans.
Weisbach, A., MAGW, vol. 35, 1905, pp. 99-117. - Anonymous, MAGW, vol. 18, 1888, pp. 182-190.
Cvijic, J., GR, vol. 5,1918, pp. 345-361. - Lebzelter, V., MAGW, vol. 59, 1929, pp. 61-126; vol. 63, 1933, pp. 233-251.
Males, B., Antropoloska Ispitivanja.
Males, B., and Konstantinovic, B., RDAR, vol. 28, 1928-29, pp. 401-416.
Pittard, E., REAP, vol. 20, 1910, pp. 307-311.
Wiazemsky, Prince, Anth, vol. 20, 1909, pp. 353-372.
Wrzosek, A., WAnt, vol. 1, Z.1, 1922. - Capus, G., BSAP, ser. 4, vol. 6, 1895, pp. 99-103.
Krauss, F. S., MAGW, vol. 15, 1885, pp. 84-87.
Weisbach, A., MAGW, vol. 25, 1895, pp. 206-239; MAGW, supplement 2, 1889. - Pre-Slavic in the chronological sense, not in the sense used by Polish anthropologists.
- Weisbach, A., ZFE, supplement to vol. 16, 1884, pp. 1-77.
Zampa, R., RDAP, ser. 3, vol. 1, 1886, pp. 625-648. - See Chapter XII, section 16, p. 614.
- The data upon which the following anthropometric summary is largely based consists of an unpublished series of over 800 Montenegrins measured by Mr. Robert W. Ehrich, and used here with his permission. Other sources consulted are:
Haberlandt, A., and Lebzelter, V., AFA, vol. 45, 1919, pp. 123-154.
Males, B., AnthPr, vol. 9, 1931, pp. 125-145.
Pittard, E., RDAP, vol. 26, 1916, pp. 199-201.
Valsik, J., PAn, vol. 8,1934, pp. 53-55.
Vram, U., ASRA, vol. 11, 1905, pp. 183-193.
Чие потекло е од овие краеви:
Форма на книга:
Интернет форма:
European Dinarics: IV
FIG. 1 (2 views).
A Moslem Serb from Dibra, in Old Serbia. This Serb, like most of his countrymen, is tall, brunet, rather small-headed, and brachycephalic. It would appear that a brachycephalization of the "Pontic" Mediterranean type, shown on Plate 26, is involved.
FIG. 2 (2 views).
An Albanian gendarme from Puka, in the center of the Gheg country. This individual, like many Albanians when dressed and coiffured in western European style, looks like a Frenchman.
FIG. 3 (2 views).
An exaggeratedly tall, lean, and long-faced Dinaric from Klementi, the northernmost bairak of the tribe of Malsia ë Madhë. Northern Albania is probably the most highly Dinaricized country in Europe.
FIG. 4 (2 views).
A blond Gheg from Zadrima; a classic Noric.
FIG. 5 (2 views).
An extremely Dinaricized Zadrima Gheg; this individual may be considered an example of the ultimate in Dinaricization.
FIG. 6 (2 views).
A Dinaric Greek of Epirote stock, from Gjinokaster in what is now Albania. Many Greeks, especially Epirotes, are Dinarics.
http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/p-39.htm
Како што гледаме, овие луѓе се сите Албанци. Првиот го нарекува Србин, а претендирало да биде Муслиман од Дебар, Македонец, кој припаѓа на Динарската раса. Изгледа како Албанец! Вториот, третиот, четвртиот па и петтиот (иако себеси се нарекува Грк, сигурно е асимилиран албанец, под влијание на Грчката Црква, во текот на 19 и почетокот на 20 век, Црквата асимилираше многу албанци во Јужна Албанија и Епир.). Како што гледаме тројца од овие со исклучок на првиот човек на сликата, се ГЕГИ! Како тогаш господинот Поповски, го објаснува тој факт! Гегите, според Carleton Coon, се најдинарскиот народ во Балканот! Каде пронајде во текстовите на овој Антрополог Поповски дека Гегите се пришелци и дошљаци од други краеви на светот, не Балканци, не Европејци, со поинаков пигмент на кожата и различни црти на лицата нивни? Ако не Поповски, ве замолувам вас, да ми помогнете во таа "потрага". Да потсетам само, дека Noric категоријата, не е ништо друго, освен суб-група на Динарците.
Нешто повеќе за таа "раса" тука:
Nordic-Mediterranean Type
Physical characteristics.
The Nordic Mediterranean type is 0.60 years above mean age, ranking third. It is virtually at the all-Irish mean of weight, and, in fact, nearly average in most bodily dimensions.
The chest index is somewhat elevated, signifying a relatively deep and narrow thorax. However, the Keltic type exhibits this feature in a much more pronounced degree. The longest heads in Ireland are found in this Nordic Mediterranean type. Head breadth, though narrow, exceeds that of other dolichocephalic types, except the Pure Mediterraneans. Head height is superior to that of the Keltics and the Pure Mediterraneans. The length-height index is very low and the breadth-height index high, as in other long-headed types. Face breadth in this type is far inferior to that of the round-headed types, but higher that that of the other dolichocephals. The cephalo-facial index reaches its Irish maximum. Total face height is well above the Irish average, as is also the total facial index. Upper face height is also high. Naturally both total facial and upper facial indices are on the high side and align this type with the other dolichocephalic leptoprosopic types and with the Dinaric type (which has been selected for long narrow noses). In the Nordic Mediterranean type the nose is about of average length, but a little more that ordinary wide. Hence the nasal index is somewhat above the Irish mean, but it is exactly the same as that of the Predominantly Nordic type and really differs very little from the mean nasal index of any other of the long-headed types.
Although skin color in the Nordic Mediterranean's is darker than in any other Irish type save the small Pure Mediterranean, yet 86.2 per cent of this type have pink skins. Pronounced vascularity is deficient; freckles are slightly less than ordinarily common. The modal hair form is low waved (as in every other Irish type). Hair color is much darker than in any other sizable type, with 4.7 percent of black hair and 52.4 per cent of dark brown. Nevertheless, more that one third of the type has medium brow hair. All of the eyes are mixed -81.3 per cent blue-brown. Mixed eyes are a little more heavily pigmented in this type that in any other. Yet 74.7 per cent of the mixed eyes are recorded as “pronounced light” or “very pronouncedly light”. The most prevalent iris patter is “diffuse” or without marked patterning (by far the most common Nordic Mediterranean). Brow ridges are a little larger that ordinary; foreheads least often high, and a little more sloping that in any other except the Keltic type. Nasal depressions tend toward pronounces depth. The nasal profile is a little oftener straight that convex as in all Irish types except the Dinaric.
Tooth loss, wear, and caries in the Nordic Mediterranean type are somewhat above the Irish average possibly because of an elevation in mean age. Frontal projection of the molars is slightly high, but pronounced lateral projection is less than average. The same structure applies to prominence of gonial features. Pronounced temporal fullness is well below the Irish average. Occipital protrusion, as in other dolichocepalic types, is inclined to be marked. Lamboid flattening is very common, but its occurrence hardly deviates from that of the total Irish series. Occipital flattening is deficient.
Here is how Professor Hooton described the Nordic-Mediterranean sub-type back in his 1936 book, "UP FROM THE APE".
Како што гледаме, Албанците (односно Гегите и Тоските како што Поповски знае да ги нарече), припаѓаат на Европските раси и никако на оние не-Европски кои антрополозите знаат добро да ги класифицираат и категоризираат. Освен Норик, албанците приѓаат и на Алпинската раса, која е распространета по овие народи(држави):
Belgium = 5% Alpine (most common in Wallonia)
Luxembourg = 80% Alpine
Germany = 15% Alpine (most common in Baden and Bavaria)
France = 30% Alpine
Switzerland = 15% Alpine (most common in the south and east)
Austria = 20% Alpine
Poland = 10% Alpine
The Czech Republic and Slovakia = 40% Alpine (most common in Bohemia)
Hungary = 15% Alpine (most common in the south)
Italy = 15% Alpine (most common in the northwest)
Romania = 10% Alpine
Albania = 10% Alpine
Bulgaria = 15% Alpine
Greece =20% Alpine (most common in Epirus/Arvanites)
Врз база на овие податоци го имаме овој број на иднивидуалците Алпини, каде една црта црвена претставува 100,000 поединци:
Извадоци на фрагменти:
На друго место анонимниот автор напишал: “Хиџр 839... Али бег во арванитскита земја плени неброено убав свет, мажи и жени”( страни 763, 764, 765, фусноти 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244)
За тоа зборува и турската хроника: …Турските восјки во походот за освојување на на балканските народи “не сретнале толку убав свет како во Епир и Арванија” (оригинал: Epiro-Arbanos guzelliri) – (страна 313, фуснота 8, Tog-ut-Tevahir)
Да господине Поповски, не погрешиле ни Турските хроничари, а не погрешил ни Гордон Бајрон при посетата на Албанија, тоа да го евидентира:
His name is Viscillie and like all the Albanians, he is brave, rigidly honest, and faithful, but they are cruel though not treacherous, and have several vices, but no meannesses. They are perhaps the most beautiful race in point of countenance in the world, their women are sometimes handsome also, but they are treated like slaves, beaten and in short complete beasts of burthen, they plough, dig and sow, I found them carrying wood and actually repairing the highways. The men are all soldiers, and war and the chase their sole occupations. The women are the labourers, which after all is no great hardship in so delightful a climate.
http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts19/AH1809_1.html
Убавите лица на Албан(к)ците, многу добро знаел да ги опсервира и интерпретира Лордот Бајрон, иако за него не постоеле сексуални и полови лимити, и така можеме да навлеземе и во сфери и нивоа каде него повеќе ќе му се допаѓаат Албанците, отколку Албанките.
Континуитетот останал господине Поповски, но вие и вашиот шарлатанизам, со големо еклектичко јадро знаете (секогаш) често пати и да го обиколите тие факти, со ваква историска вредност.
И пак на крај, никаде Carleton Coon, a ни Eguene Pittard не ни го пренесува тоа што вас би ви се допаднало, туку Eguene Pittard ни пренесува вакво нешто:
Eugene Pittard corrects the meridian of the French scientist; he substitutes the meridian with the line of the Pindus Mountains (Greece) which "divides two populations with origins quite different from each other." The Greeks of the east are almost dolichocephalic. It is obvious that Albanians who were established in Thessaly, before and during the invasions of Stefan Dusan and who were called Arhonder, were small in number, that' s why "they have left very little trace of their blood." In the west, all of Epirus, Aetolia, Acarnania and all of Peloponnesus are inhabited by brachycephalic people with very often aquiline noses. The archipelagos of the Ionic and Aegean seas and Euboea also are inhabited by people of the Dinaric race. Pittard writes "there isn't any difficulty in accepting that the Ionian islands are inhabited by brachycephalic people." We can't say the same for Euboea because people that live east of the Greek peninsula are more dolichocephalic or mesocephalic. But we must not forget that a large group of Albanians emigrated to Euboea during the battles of Scanderbeg against the Turks (15th century), and it's evident that these groups were of the true Albanian race. Detailed linguistic papers show that the populations of these regions speak Albanian. The ethnographic data show the somatological characteristics of these populations.
In the areas with strong brachymorphy, such as Leka and Argolida, the median is around 84.4 and 85.
Eugene Pittard, смета дека Албанците живееле и во времето и пред времето на Скендербеј и пред времето на Александар Велики на овие простори Балкански. Дури Питер Ежен кој е убеден во тоа дека мнозинство од населението кое живее во Балканскиот полуостров и зборува словенски јазик, не припаѓа на таа Словенска основа тука дека е Словенизиран. Југославија - ни раскажува тој - е интересен пример на грешките кои се последица на јазичните концепти. И тука Петар Поповски, ја зафркна работата и го внесе Питер Ежен како извор каде жустрината на запишаното од раката на Поповски, би исплашил и човек со срце како на мечка. Еве како го напишал тоа Поповски во неговата книга, која би ја насловил не како Ѓорѓија Кастриот Искендер, туку како ПОТЕКЛОТО НА ГЕГО-МИРДИТИТЕ и ТОСКО-ШИПТАРИТЕ, без никаква почит и професионалност:
Поповски на страна 464 во фуснота број 46, споменува дека Еуген Питард во своето капитално дело кажува дека: “Албанците не само што немаат илирско потекло, туку тие ни физички не се вклопуваат во балканскиот словено-грчки комплекс”
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